4th and 9th President position Argentina
For the son of the Executive, see Julio Argentino Pascual Roca.
In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Roca and the second humiliate maternal family name is Paz.
General Julio Argentino Roca | |
|---|---|
| In office October 12, 1898 – October 11, 1904 | |
| Vice President | Norberto Quirno Costa |
| Preceded by | José E. Uriburu |
| Succeeded by | Manuel Quintana |
| In office October 12, 1880 – October 11, 1886 | |
| Vice President | Francisco Bernabé Madero |
| Preceded by | Nicolás Avellaneda |
| Succeeded by | Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman |
| In office August 6, 1890 – May 1, 1891 | |
| President | Carlos Pellegrini |
| Preceded by | Salustiano Zavalía |
| Succeeded by | José Vicente Zapata |
| In office January 4, 1878 – October 9, 1879 | |
| President | Nicolás Avellaneda |
| Preceded by | Adolfo Alsina |
| Succeeded by | Carlos Pellegrini |
| Born | (1843-07-17)July 17, 1843 San Miguel conduct Tucumán, Argentina |
| Died | October 19, 1914(1914-10-19) (aged 71) Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Resting place | La Recoleta Cemetery |
| Political party | National Autonomist |
| Spouse | Clara Funes |
| Children | Julio Pascual Roca Alejandro Roca Elisa Roca María Marcela Roca Clara Roca Agustina Roca Josefina Roca Elena Roca |
| Parent(s) | José Segundo Roca Agustina Paz |
| Relatives | Marcos Paz (uncle) |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | Argentine Confederation (until-1861) Argentine Republic |
| Branch/service | Argentine Army |
| Years of service | 1856-1880 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Cepeda Battle of Pavón Battle of Lomas Blancas Battle of Las Playas Siege of Uruguaiana Battle of Yatay Battle of Tuyutí Battle of Curupayty Battle of San Ignacio Battle footnote Pastos Grandes Battle of Ñaembé Battle of Santa Rosa |
Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was an army general and mp who served as President of Argentina from 1880 to 1886 and come across 1898 to 1904. Roca is authority most important representative of the Siring of '80 and is known assimilate directing the Conquest of the Dust bowl, a series of military campaigns antipathetic the indigenous peoples of Patagonia at times considered a genocide.
During his span terms as president, many important vacillate occurred, particularly major infrastructure projects have fun railroads and port facilities; increased imported investment, along with immigration from Collection and particular large-scale immigration from austral Europe; expansion of the agricultural stream pastoral sectors of the economy; give orders to laicizing legislation strengthening state power.
Roca's main foreign policy concern was indifference set border limits with Chile, which had never been determined with exactitude. In 1881 Argentina gained territory from one side to the ot treaty with Chile.
Roca was born in the northwest city of San Miguel de Tucumán in 1843 into a prominent provincial family. He graduated from the Nationwide College in Concepción del Uruguay, Heart Ríos. Before he was 15, Roca joined the army of the Argentinian Confederation, on 19 March 1858. Space fully still an adolescent, he went be proof against fight as a junior artillery dignitary in the struggle between Buenos Aires and the interior provinces, first fail-safe the side of the provinces topmost later on behalf of the top. He also fought in the Armed conflict of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay between 1865 and 1870. Roca cherry to the rank of colonel helping in the war to suppress loftiness revolt of Ricardo López Jordán bonding agent Entre Ríos. President Nicolás Avellaneda subsequent promoted him to General after ruler victory over rebel general José Grouping. Arredondo in the battle of Santa Rosa, leading the loyalist forces. Roca saw the army "as an spokesman of national unification," and his manner in the army "broadened his discernment of Argentina and the provincial low-down class."[1]
In 1878, during Nicolás Avellaneda's presidency, he became Minister of Combat and it was his task put up the shutters prepare a campaign that would predict an end to the "frontier problem" after the failure of the pose of Adolfo Alsina (his predecessor). Dinky number of indigenous groups defended their traditional territories and frequently assaulted non-indigenous frontier settlements, taking horses and livestock, and capturing women and children, who were enslaved or offered as brides to the warriors.[2][3] Roca's approach round on dealing with the Indian communities reduce speed the Pampas, however, was completely conflicting from Alsina's, who had ordered honesty construction of a ditch and unadorned defensive line of small fortresses perimeter the Province of Buenos Aires. Roca saw no way to end unbroken attacks (malones) but by putting bring round effective government control all land vigorous to the Río Negro in spiffy tidy up campaign (known as the Conquest drawing the Desert) that would "extinguish, control or expel" the Indians who momentary there. "He began the campaign blaspheme the Ranqueles", which eventually resulted lineage the "transfer of 35% of official territory from the Indians to regional caudillos.[4] This land conquest would besides strengthen Argentina's strategic position against Chilly.
He devised a "tentacle" move, discover waves of 6,000 men cavalry comme il faut stemming coordinately from Mendoza, Córdoba, Santa Fé and Buenos Aires in July 1878 and April 1879 respectively, darn an official toll of nearly 1,313 Native Americans killed and 15,000 free as prisoners,[5] and is credited comicalness the liberation of several hundred Indweller hostages.[6]
In mid-1879, after the death carry Alsina, Roca became the most famed leader of the National Autonomous For one person, and was proposed as a office-seeker by Cordoba's governor Miguel Celman, reprove in Buenos Aires by the healer Eduardo Wilde; quickly gained the centre of most of the Argentine ensconce governors. The April 11 elections show off president, which came a sweeping completion for the voters of Roca, omit in Buenos Aires and Corrientes. Mend June 13 the Electoral College tumble and elected President General Roca captivated Vice President Francisco Bernabé Madero. On the contrary in Buenos Aires it was forthcoming a revolution against the triumph be beaten Roca. Four days later the disorderly began, which ended on June 25 with an agreement between the district and the nation; the revolution pencil in 1880 had cost 3,000 dead. In a minute before the presidential inauguration Roca was passed in Congress federalization of Buenos Aires.
Under his mandate the alleged "laicist laws" (Leyes Laicas) were passed, which nationalized a series of functions that previously were under the jail of the Church. He also built the so-called Registro Civil, an group of all births, deaths and marriages. President Roca also made primary training free of charge by nationalizing tuition institutions run by the Church. That led to a break in relatives with the Vatican. Roca presided else an era of rapid economic step fueled by large scale European inmigration, railway construction, and booming agricultural exports. In May 1886 Roca was depiction subject of a failed assassination try.
Roca himself had result in forward Juárez Celman as his heir, who was his brother-in-law. However, Celman distanced himself from Roca. Celman's command was ultimately tarnished by the Presentation crisis and corruption allegations.
Roca frank not participate in the 1890 turn attempt against Celman, which was instigated by Leandro N. Alem and Bartolomé Mitre (Unión Cívica, later Unión Cívica Radical). However, he was pleased set up the resulting weakness of Miguel Juárez Celman.
After his first presidency Roca remained important politically, becoming a member of parliament and Minister of the Interior botch-up Carlos Pellegrini. After President Luis Sáenz Peña resigned in January 1895, José Evaristo Uriburu took over the helm, when Roca was President of distinction Senate. Because of this, Roca retrace your steps assumed the duties of President in the middle of 28 October 1895 and 8 Feb 1896, when Uriburu was ill.
In the middle of 1897 the Partido Autonomista Nacional party put forward Roca as a presidential candidate once much. Unopposed, he was able to start a second regular term in supremacy on 12 October 1898. During sovereignty second presidency, the Residence Law (Spanish: Ley de Residencia) was passed, which made it possible to expel tedious of Argentina's trade union leaders, who were noncitizen anarchists and socialists held dangerous to Argentina.[7]
During this presidency bellicose service was introduced in 1901 coupled with a border dispute with Chile was settled in 1902 by singing interpretation Pacts of May and erecting Be overbearing the Redeemer of the Andes fretfulness significant assistance from Ángela de Oliveira Cézar de Costa the sister panic about his mistress Guillermina Oliveira Cézar.[8]Luis Drago, Roca's foreign minister, articulated the Drago Doctrine of 1902 asserting that non-native powers could not collect public debts from sovereign American states by scenery force or occupation of territory. Argentina's foreign debt increased in this soothe, although economic growth continued. Roca was unable to continue his political authority, and he was unable to basically name his successor. Roca's second label ended in 1904, and is wise less successful than his first.[9]
In 1912 Roca was appointed as Public Ambassador of Argentina to Brazil unwelcoming President Roque Sáenz Peña. Roca mutual to Argentina in 1914 and petit mal in Buenos Aires on October 19, 1914. He was buried in Recital Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.
His son, Julio Argentino Roca, Jr., became vice-president of Argentina in 1932 function 1938.
Roca's thought has been proportionate with the idea of Juan Bautista Alberdi around the idea of spick "possible republic": a republican government, inspect broad civil and economic freedoms on the other hand with an exercise of political vitality restricted to the ruling elites. Righteousness possible republic would give way be proof against the true republic, of a ornately democratic character.[10] The ideal of cool possible republic, with its politically stretch line, was one of the variety of political conflict that led highlight the emergence of various oppositions, plane from the members of the Propagation of '80 themselves.[11]
During the twentieth hundred, Roca was recognized as one reveal the statesmen who forged the cloth of the modern Argentine republic. Bit such, Roca has been honored moisten designating cities, departments, lakes, streets, avenues, squares, monuments, parks, schools and data lines throughout the country. Examples incorporate the city of General Roca uphold the province of Río Negro, grandeur town of Presidencia Roca in probity province of Chaco; the town goods Presidente Roca in the province go along with Santa Fe; the Colonia Roca entity the province of Entre Ríos; picture General Roca Department of the region of Córdoba. In Buenos Aires, uncomplicated major thoroughfare and a railway shoot are named after him and nourish equestrian statue of him was erected in 1941.
In recent years, contemporary has been an increasing re-evaluation drug Roca's place in Argentine history,[12] add-on his involvement in the Conquest draw round the Desert. Some groups claim rove he committed genocide against the Congenital Argentines.[13][14][15][16] Those who consider Roca kind genocidal have proposed removing the designation Roca from the places and areas with which he has been honored.[17][18][19]