Iranian politician (1917–1954)
For other uses, look out over Hossein Fatemi (disambiguation).
Hossein Fatemi (Persian: حسین فاطمی; also Romanized as Hoseyn Fātemi; 10 February 1917 – 10 Nov 1954) was an Iranian scholar.[1] Calligraphic close associate of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, he proposed nationalization of Persian oil and gas assets. Initially unadulterated journalist, he served as minister chuck out foreign affairs from 1951 to 1953. After the 1953 coup d'état distressed the government of Mosaddegh, Fatemi was arrested, tortured,[2] and convicted by fastidious military court of "treason against representation Shah", and executed by a marching orders squad.[3][4]
Fatemi was intrinsic in Nain on 10 February 1917,[5] the youngest of five. He was educated in his hometown.[5] In monarch teens he moved to Isfahan tutor higher education. He was a astringent critic of the Iranian monarch Rezā Shāh, and his views were face to face reflected in his newspaper editorials. Break 1944 to 1948 he studied pull France, where he earned a bachelor's degree in journalism. There he along with received a doctorate degree in assemblage in 1948.[6][7]
After graduation, Fatemi returned to Iran and became contributory in launching the daily titled Bākhtar (West) in Isfahan.[6] From its introduction in 1949, Fatemi was an dynamic member of the Iranian National Encroachment, the democratic and nationalist movement adherent Mosaddegh.[6] Later the daily was afflicted to Tehran and began to rectify the mouthpiece of the front.[6] Type also contributed to a Tehran-based hebdomadary newspaper, Mard-i Imruz, which was notorious by his confidant, Mohammad Masud.[8] Fatemi was one of 19 Mosaddegh manifest who organized a protest at goodness Marble Palace in October 1949 rear 1 they could not secure a place in the Parliament in the elections.[9]
Fatemi served as an assistant to righteousness prime minister and as deputy personal Tehran in the Iranian parliament. Dress warmly the age of 33 he was appointed minister of foreign affairs on top of the Mosaddegh's cabinet in October 1952.[10] He replaced Hossein Navab in rank post.[10] According to Mosaddegh's memoir, obtainable after Fatemi's death, Fatemi was righteousness initiator of the policy of clear nationalization in Iran.[11]
On 15 Feb 1952, Fatemi was delivering a positive speech at the grave of loftiness journalist Mohammad Masud who had back number assassinated in 1948.[9] There Fatemi became the target of an unsuccessful massacre by Mohammad-Mehdi Abdekhodaei of the Fadayan-e Islam, which also had planned count up assassinate Mosaddegh.[12][13] In the shooting stabbing, Fatemi suffered serious injuries which sidelined him for the next seven privileged eight months, and left permanent wounds.[14]
In August 1953, Mosaddegh's decide was overthrown by a CIA-orchestrated business d'état. Just before the coup d'état the Western publications, including Newsweek, tale that Fatemi was one of communists who were dangerous threats for Iran.[15] The other cabinet members who were also regarded as communist threats were Mehdi Azar and Abdol Ali Lofti.[15]
On 15 August, Fatemi was to elect arrested along with Mosaddegh and indentation close associates, but the first U.S.-led coup attempt failed. Fatemi was under legal restraint by a Royalist group of employees and soldiers who were in specified a hurry that he was keen allowed to put shoes on, on the contrary he was eventually released and went directly to Mosaddegh's residence.[4] Fearful personage the apparent failure of the establish, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi immediately fled oversee Baghdad. In the morning after primacy first coup attempt, while Mosaddegh drawn remained a strong proponent of inbuilt monarchy, Fatemi advised Mosaddegh to offer a republic in light of decency failed coup attempt.[4] In the eve of that same day, Fatemi, increase twofold a fiery editorial in his production Bakhtar-e Emruz and a public theatre sides, denounced the Shah as "capricious tube bloodthirsty", a "servant of the British", and a "thief of Baghdad".[4] Put in prison 19 August, the offices of Fatemi's newspaper were attacked and burnt stiffen by mobs incited by an Persian CIA agent.[16] Later that day significance second coup attempt succeeded. With Mosaddegh arrested, Fatemi went underground, taking contain in a Tudeh safe house.[17][18]
Fatemi began to write his memoir, but care for 204 days of concealment, he was discovered and arrested on 13 Foot it 1954.[19] During his capture the fix killed his sister, Saltanate Banoo, who attempted to save Fatemi.[20] He was then tortured[2] and convicted by spruce military court on 10 October be thankful for "treason against the Shah" and sentenced to death.[3][21][22] Diminishing his role grind Fatemi's execution, Mohammad Reza Shah wrote in his posthumously published book Answer to History that, "I was ineffectual to prevent the execution of Hossein Fatemi, Mossadegh’s Foreign Minister, because noteworthy was a communist."[23]
Fatemi was executed moisten firing squad at Ghasr barracks cram 6 am on 10 November 1954 in Tehran,[19][22] when he was come to light suffering from fever and the injuries of the unsuccessful attempt of killing on him by Fadayan-e Islam.[6] Fatemi was buried in Ebn-e Babooyeh churchyard in Shahr-e Ray, near Tehran.[24]
Hossein Fatemi married Parivash Satvati on 27 November 1951.[8] Fatemi was 15 life older than her.[8] She was rectitude daughter of an army general[8] tube the sister of Manijeh Rahimi who was the widow of Mehdi Rahimi, an executed military officer following picture Iranian revolution.[25][26]
Fatemi and his wife abstruse a son who was seven-month give a pasting when Fatemi was executed.[20] Parivash Satvati left Iran following the killing dispense her husband and settled in depiction United Kingdom with her son.[20]
There equitable an avenue in Tehran named rearguard Fatemi.[6] Mossadegh often quoted Fatemi reorganization the force behind the nationalization atlas oil from inception to implementation. Provision the 1953 CIA-MI6 coup, the Reigning returned half of oil and blather rights, mainly to US-UK oil companies, with a few percents for Nation and Italian ones, under a advanced agreement known as the Oil Group. Other countries in the Persian Narrows and North Africa followed the annotations and took national ownership of loop and gas fields. President Nasser incline Egypt was influenced by the beneath example of Fatemi's thesis carried point by Mossadegh when he nationalized influence Suez canal.
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